There was a census on Most trials are public, except when the judge determines the proceedings to be a threat to public order or morals. The penal code guarantees defendants the right to free interpretation as necessary. The government has mechanisms to investigate and punish abuses, but the government did not always provide public information on disciplinary or legal action against police, military, or other security force personnel. The government may restrict strikes on a number of grounds, including economic crisis, obstruction of public services, or the possibility of subversive actions. A January 2017 decree by the prime minister clarified the process for the Ministry of Cultures review of imported books, both in print and electronic form. Algeria has not increased non-hydrocarbon exports, and hydrocarbon exports have declined because of field depletion and increased domestic demand. You can add more than one country or area. While the Ministry of Interior oversees the accreditation process for most associations, the president of a local assembly approves applications for communal associations. Security forces dispersed political opposition rallies and interfered with the right to organize. Le Telagh arrondissement [8] Webster's Geographical Dictionary. ), household consumption: 42.7% (2017 est. Pursuant to the constitution, all parties must have a national base. The electoral law adopted by parliament in 2016 requires parties to have received 4 percent of the vote in the preceding election or to collect 250 signatures in the electoral district in order to appear on the ballot. If authorities need more than 48 hours to gather additional evidence, they may extend a suspects authorized time in police detention with the prosecutors authorization in the following cases: if charges pertain to an attack on data processing systems, they may extend the time in detention once; if charges relate to state security, they may do so twice; for charges concerning drug trafficking, organized and transnational crime, money laundering, and other currency-related crimes, they may do so three times; and for charges related to terrorism and other subversive activities, they may do so five times for a maximum of 12 days. )$5.666 billion (2018 est. ), Atlantic Ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km)Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km), Lullemeden-Irhazer Aquifer System, Murzuk-Djado Basin, North Western Sahara Aquifer, Taoudeni-Tanezrouft Basin, the vast majority of the populace is found in the extreme northern part of the country along the Mediterranean Coast as shown in this population distribution map, mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; mudslides and floods in rainy season; droughts, largest country in Africa but 80% desert; canyons and caves in the southern Hoggar Mountains and in the barren Tassili n'Ajjer area in the southeast of the country contain numerous examples of prehistoric art - rock paintings and carvings depicting human activities and wild and domestic animals (elephants, giraffes, cattle) - that date to the African Humid Period, roughly 11,000 to 5,000 years ago, when the region was completely vegetated, Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%note: although almost all Algerians are Berber in origin (not Arab), only a minority identify themselves as primarily Berber, about 15% of the total population; these people live mostly in the mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algiers and several other communities; the Berbers are also Muslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab cultural heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, for autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but has officially recognized Berber languages and introduced them into public schools. Provinces, Dpartements, Rgions. Unions have the right to form and join federations or confederations, and the government recognized four confederations. )other: 81.8% (2018 est. Do not travel to: Areas near the eastern and southern borders due to terrorism and kidnapping. Most detainees had prompt access to a lawyer of their choice as accorded by law, and the government provided legal counsel to indigent detainees. The government provided a subsidy for divorced women whose former husbands failed to make child support payments. LGBTI status is not, in itself, criminalized; however, LGBTI persons may face criminal prosecution under legal provisions concerning prostitution, public indecency, and associating with bad characters. The law also bans political party ties to nonpolitical associations and regulates party financing and reporting requirements. A longtime FLN member, TEBBOUNE ran for president as an independent. The Ministry of National Solidarity, Family, and Women said 60 percent of the recipients of government microcredit loans for small businesses were women. Constantine, and Oran, after their capitals. The National Association for the Fight Against Corruption noted the existence of an effective anticorruption law but stated that the government lacked the political will to apply the law. The province and its total petroleum system coincide with the Illizi Basin. The list of essential services included banking, radio, and television. Many persons with disabilities faced challenges in voting due to voting centers that lacked accessible features. To found a union, an applicant must be Algerian by birth or have held Algerian nationality for 10 years. 134, the departments united the civil and military territories, strengthening the Freedom of Association and the Right to Collective Bargaining, b. The ministry has three to six months to review the text, with the absence of a response after that time constituting a rejection of the application. )agricultural: 6.671 billion cubic meters (2017 est. Authorities arrested Fekhar in 2015 and held him for 22 months without a trial. Generally speaking, the civil The constitution provides citizens the ability to choose their government in free and fair periodic elections held by secret ballot and based on universal and equal suffrage. 1870-10-24: By decree No. After making a determination, the ministry notifies the customs service of the decision to allow or ban the importation of the publication. Police typically dispersed protesters shortly after a protest began and arrested and detained organizers for a few hours. ), total dependency ratio: 58.5youth dependency ratio: 48.7elderly dependency ratio: 9.8potential support ratio: 10.2 (2021 est. ), $11,000 (2021 est. Section 1. )male: 41.3% (2020 est. 1957-05-20: Thirty-four new arrondissements were created. The DGAPR separates vulnerable persons but provides no consideration for sexual orientation. The law forbids legal guardians from forcing minors under their care to marry against the minors will. Algeria, officially known as the Peoples Republic of Algeria, is a sovereign North Africa nation along the Mediterranean coast. 1905-08-14: Territoires du Sud organized into four territories: An Sefra, Ghardaia, Oasis (no capital), and Algeria covers an area of 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi), making it the world's tenth largest nation by area, and the largest nation in Africa. With a population of 44 million, Algeria is the ninth-most populous country in Africa, and the 32nd-most populous country in the world. UNHCR offices in Algiers reported an estimated 200 to 300 asylum requests per month, mostly from Syrian, Palestinian, and sub-Saharan African individuals coming from Mali, Guinea, Central African Republic, Cote dIvoire, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). After the most recent Visit the Definitions and Notes page to view a description of each topic. It reported the discovery of four minorsdown from 12 the year before. Official assert that the law covers LGBTI individuals through general civil and human rights legislation. Lawyers reported that authorities usually carried out procedures for warrants and summonses properly. )6% of GDP (2019) (approximately $19.2 billion)5.5% of GDP (2018) (approximately $17.9 billion)5.9% of GDP (2017) (approximately $18.8 billion), approximately 140,000 ANP personnel (120,000 Army; 6,000 Navy; 14,000 Air Force); approximately 130,000 National Gendarmerie; approximately 200,000 General Directorate of National Security (2022), the ANP's inventory includes mostly Russian-sourced equipment; since 2010, Algeria has received arms from a variety of countries, with Russia as the leading supplier (2022), 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service for men and women; 19-30 years of age for compulsory service for men (all Algerian men must register at age 17); conscript service obligation reduced from 18 to 12 months in 2014 (2022)note: as of 2020, conscripts comprised an estimated 70% of the military, the ANP has played a large role in the countrys politics since independence in 1962, including coups in 1965 and 1991; it was a key backer of BOUTEFLIKAs election in 1999 and remained a center of power during his 20-year rule; the military was instrumental in BOUTEFLIKAs resignation in 2019 when it withdrew support and called for him to be removed from office the ANP traditionally has focused on internal stability and on Morocco where relations as of 2022 remained tense over Western Sahara and Algerian accusations that Morocco supports the Movement for the Autonomy of Kabylie (MAK), a separatist group in Algerias Kabylie region; however, following the Arab Spring events of 2011 and a series of cross-border terrorist attacks emanating from Mali in 2012-2013, particularly the 2013 attack on a commercial gas plant by al-Qaida-linked terrorists that resulted in the deaths of 35 hostages and 29 jihadists, it has made a concerted effort to beef up security along its other borders and promote regional security cooperation; since 2013, additional Army and paramilitary forces were deployed to the borders with Tunisia, Libya, Niger, and Mali to interdict and deter cross-border attacks by Islamic militant groups; in addition, Algeria has provided security assistance to some neighboring countries, particularly Tunisia, and conducted joint military/counter-terrorism operations (2022), al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM); Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) Algeria; al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun)note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix T, Algeria-Morocco: the Algerian-Moroccan land border remains closed; Algeria's border with Morocco remains an irritant to bilateral relations, each nation accusing the other of harboring militants and arms smuggling; the National Liberation Front's (FLN) assertions of a claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco remain a dormant disputeAlgeria-Libya: dormant dispute includes Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km still reflected on its maps of southeastern AlgeriaAlgeria-Mali: none identifiedAlgeria-Mauritania: none identifiedAlgeria-Niger: none identifiedAlgeria-Tunisia: none identified, refugees (country of origin): more than 100,000 (Sahrawi, mostly living in Algerian-sponsored camps in the southwestern Algerian town of Tindouf); 7,345 (Syria) (mid-year 2022). Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor, c. Prohibition of Child Labor and Minimum Age for Employment, d. Discrimination with Respect to Employment and Occupation, https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data.html. 1960-12-03: Six new arrondissements created in Oasis department; two new arrondissements created in Saoura department. The countrys Jewish population numbered fewer than 200 persons. The constitution provides workers with the right to join and form unions of their choice, provided they are citizens. There were no reports that the government granted refugee status and asylum to new refugee applicants during the year. Algeria's fertility rate experienced an unexpected upturn in the early 2000s, as the average woman's age at first marriage dropped slightly. The 130,000-member National Gendarmerie, which performs police functions outside of urban areas under the auspices of the Ministry of National Defense, and the approximately 218,000-member DGSN or national police, organized under the Ministry of Interior, share responsibility for maintaining law and order. Regulations require the shareholders and managers of any radio or television channel to be Algerian citizens and prohibit them from broadcasting content that offends values anchored in Algerian society.. As a result, officials suspended six individuals. See more Algiers Algiers ( al-Jazer, , Alger) is the capital and largest city of Algeria. FraudLabsPro.com 70-3-30A D'Piazza Mall, Jalan Mahsuri, 11950 Bayan Baru, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Algeria's economy remains dominated by the state, a legacy of the country's socialist post-independence development model. An NGO reported that LGBTI men were targeted more often than are women. )from coal and metallurgical coke: 352,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. The center Algrienne, Biskra *, Khenchela, Tebessa, Touggourt *, An Sefra *, Geryville *, Mecheria *, Sada, Alger, Aumale, Blida, Mda, Miliana, Orlansville, Tizi-Ouzou, Batna, Bne, Bougie, Constantine, Guelma, Philippeville, Stif, Mascara, Mostaganem, Oran, Sidi Bel Abbs, Tiaret, Tlemcen. He appealed to the Constitutional Council without result. The court appearance of suspects in terrorism cases is public. Prison sentences for rape range from five to 10 years, and authorities generally enforced the law. According to the Ministry of Justice, there were six prosecutions of law enforcement officers for torture during the year. The government said that it closed 11 facilities and opened one new facility to improve prison conditions in the last year but argued that they have alleviated overcrowding by increasing the use of minimum-security centers that permit prisoners to work and by using electronic monitoring. Official websites use .gov. Human rights issues included unlawful interference with privacy; laws prohibiting certain forms of expression, which were often vague, as well as criminal defamation laws; limits on freedom of the press; restrictions on the freedom of assembly and association including of religious groups; official corruption, including perceptions of lack of judicial independence and impartiality; criminalization of consensual same sex sexual conduct and security force sexual abuse of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) persons; and trafficking in persons. The law prohibits parties based on religion, ethnicity, gender, language, or region, but there were various political parties commonly known to be Islamist, notably members of the Green Alliance. Office of the U.S. UNHCR, the World Food Program (WFP), UNICEF, the Algerian Red Crescent, the Sahrawi Red Crescent, and other organizations assisted Sahrawi refugees. ), total: 3,790,459 (2020 est. The law does not permit those under age 18 to travel abroad without a guardians permission. Penalties for violations of the rights of union members range from fines of DZD 10,000-50,000 ($85-$425) for first offenses or DZD 50,000-100,000 ($425-$850) and 30 days-six months in prison for repeat offenses. Political Parties and Political Participation: The Ministry of Interior must approve political parties before they may operate legally. )methane emissions: 49.94 megatons (2020 est. List of Algerian provinces by population This article has been translated from the Arbitrary Arrest: Although the law prohibits arbitrary arrest and detention, authorities sometimes used vaguely worded provisions, such as inciting an unarmed gathering and insulting a government body, to arrest and detain individuals considered to be disturbing public order or criticizing the government. ), -0.82 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est. 1957-08-07: Territoires du Sud (formerly department no. See the Department of StatesAnnual Report on International Parental Child Abductionathttps://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/International-Parental-Child-Abduction/for-providers/legal-reports-and-data.html. The conclusions of the 2017 ILOs Committee on the Application of Standards recommended that the government accept an ILO direct contacts mission. The Ministry of National Solidarity, Family, and the Status of Women provided some financial support to health-care-oriented NGOs, but for many NGOs, such financial support represented a small fraction of their budgets. note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained. One of the smaller areas of land can be called a state or a province. The constitution provides for the right of peaceful assembly, but the government continued to curtail this right. The majority of the ministrys programs for children with disabilities remained in social centers for children with disabilities rather than in formal educational institutions. )hydroelectricity: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Citing the threat of terrorism, the government also prevented overland tourist travel between the southern cities of Tamanrasset, Djanet, and Illizi. NGOs reported that judges gave harsher sentences to LGBTI persons. These groups targeted security services personnel in periodic but small-scale attacks. Some terrorist groups remained active in the country, including al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and an ISIS affiliate, Jund al-Khilafah. According to a 2012 law, at least 33 percent of seats in elected assemblies are reserved for women. Women may seek divorce for irreconcilable differences and violation of a prenuptial agreement. Newspapers reported that the government restricted foreign tourists from traveling through trails in Tassili and Hoggar, as well as certain areas in and around Tamanrasset, due to security concerns. In July 2017 authorities freed Kamel Eddine Fekhar, a human rights activist. From March 18 until April 8, the ministrys Labor Inspector Service conducted inspections into child labor of 9,748 businessdown from 11,575 businesses the previous year. Furthermore, the government restricted union activities and the formation of independent unions in certain critical public services sectors, such as oil and gas and telecommunications. The decision to strike must be approved by majority vote of workers at a general meeting. )$59.434 billion (31 December 2020 est. The person must submit an application for compensation within six months of the dismissal or acquittal. Pretrial Detention: Prolonged pretrial detention remained a problem. The Ministry of Interior did not provide domestic or foreign observers with voter registration lists. Those determined by UNHCR to have valid refugee claims were primarily from the DRC, Cote dIvoire, Iraq, and the Central African Republic. Under provisional liberty status, authorities subjected suspects to requirements such as reporting periodically to the police station in their district, stopping professional activities related to the alleged offense committed, surrendering all travel documents, and, in some terrorism-related cases, residing at an agreed-upon address. The departments were divided into arrondissements, as shown below. The ministry did not renew the accreditations of the NGOs SOS Disparus (SOS Disappeared), Djazairouna, the LADDH, the National Association for the Fight Against Corruption, and the Youth Action Movement, all of which submitted their renewal applications in prior years. Various international humanitarian organizations and observers criticized the operations, citing unacceptable conditions of transport, primarily on the Niger side of the border, and what they described as a lack of coordination among the Algerian Red Crescent, the government of Niger, and the Red Cross of Niger. )$11,600 (2019 est. Falling under the purview of the Ministry of Justice, the agency has exclusive authority for monitoring all electronic surveillance activities, but the decree did not provide details regarding the limits of surveillance authority or corresponding protections for persons subject to surveillance. The Ministry of Culture can also require a full content review of books on other topics if it chooses. )industry: 39.3% (2017 est. Twelve new arrondissements created, making a total of 32. )percent of population: 63% (2020 est. Furthermore, all public demonstrations, including protests and strikes, must receive prior government authorization. ), production: 87,853,976,000 cubic meters (2019 est. On August 12, about 30 members of the Mouwatana movement held a sit-in in Algiers to denounce the fifth term of President Bouteflika. )wine: 0.2 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. There is no single office charged with this task, but all labor inspectors are responsible for enforcing laws regarding child labor. Although several total petroleum systems may exist within the Illizi Province, only one composite total petroleum system is identified. In 2017 the ILO Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations reiterated that the lengthy registration process seriously impedes the establishment of new unions. Impunity for police and security officials remained a problem, but the government provided information on actions taken against officials accused of wrongdoing. )1.95% (2019 est.). ), total: 0.59 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. The reversal in fertility could represent a temporary fluctuation in marriage age or, less likely, a decrease in the steady rate of contraceptive use. Local and international NGOs asserted that police impunity was a problem. A separate January 2017 decree covering religious texts other than the Quran stated, The content of religious books for import, regardless of format, must not undermine the religious unity of society, the national religious reference, public order, good morals, fundamental rights and liberties, or the law. The importer must submit the text and other information, and the ministry must respond within 30 days. II, United Nations, New BOUTEFLIKA resigned in April 2019, and in December 2019, Algerians elected former Prime Minister Abdelmadjid TEBBOUNE as the country's new president. While this legal mechanism exists, the high demand for employment in the country gave an advantage to employers seeking to exploit employees. The ministrys Media Directorate is responsible for issuing and renewing accreditations to foreign media outlets operating in the country. The provinces are subdivided into 160 dayrat (sub-prefectures), and further into 1,541 municipalities. The group was formerly known as Jund al-Khilafah fi Ard al-Jazair. Algeria is divided into 48 wilayat (provinces; sing. Alger: Algeri (Italian); Algiers (English); Algier (Danish, German); al-Jazair, al-Djazair, El Djazar (Arabic); Opposition party leaders complained that the government did not provide timely authorizations to hold rallies or party congresses. Strong social stigma towards the vulnerable groups in which HIV/AIDS was most concentratedcommercial sex workers, men who have sexual relations with men, and drug usersdeterred testing of these groups. See the Department of StatesInternational Religious Freedom Reportatwww.state.gov/religiousfreedomreport/. Physical Conditions: There were no major concerns regarding physical conditions in the countrys 48 prisons and detention centers. Religious and civil society leaders reported that the Jewish community faced unofficial, religion-based obstacles to government employment and administrative difficulties when working with government bureaucracy. On July 13, the Ministry of Justice removed a public prosecutor and his deputy from a court in Boudouaou for their alleged involvement in the legal proceedings following the discovery of 701 kilograms of cocaine in the port of Oran on May 29. 1902, because of border adjustments in desert areas. The law limits the grounds for pretrial detention and stipulates that before it can be imposed, a judge must assess the gravity of a crime and whether the accused is a threat to society or a flight risk. According to AP reports, some migrants died during the 20-kilometer desert march. NGOs reported instances in which unaccompanied migrant female youth were exploited as domestic workers and were known to be loaned out to families for extended periods to work in homes or exploited as prostitutes. Nevertheless, the UGTA remained the only union authorized to negotiate collective bargaining agreements. Authorities generally transferred pretrial detainees, after presenting them before the prosecutor, to prisons rather than holding them in separate detention facilities. CGATA membership included workers from unions representing government administrators, diplomatic personnel, state electricity and gas employees, university professors, public transport and postal workers, and lawyers. Oxford University Press, New York, 1951. Algeria has the 10th-largest reserves of natural gas in the world - including the 3rd-largest reserves of shale gas - and is the 6th-largest gas exporter. Laws prohibiting parental abduction do not penalize mothers and fathers differently, and the punishment for convicted kidnappers includes the death penalty. ), 12.7% (2021 est. International organizations reported some children had trouble in their attempts to integrate into the educational system but that migrants access to education was improving, particularly in the north of the country. The law prohibits all forms of forced or compulsory labor. The DGAPR has no legal protections for LGBTI persons in prison arguing that civil protections extend to all people regardless of gender orientation. ), total subscriptions: 4,784,306 (2020 est. There were no reports that the government or its agents committed arbitrary or unlawful killings. An Defla split from Chlef; An Tmouchent split from Sidi Bel Abbs; Bordj Bou Arrridj split from Stif; Convicted terrorists had the same rights as other inmates but were held in prisons of varying degrees of security, determined by the danger posed by the prisoners. The law established a national council to address childrens issues, gives judges authority to remove children from an abusive home, and allows sexually abused children to provide testimony on video rather than in court. The departments were subdivided Attempts by new unions to form federations or confederations suffered similar challenges. Illegal migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Malians, Nigeriens, and Gambians, continue to come to Algeria in search of work or to use it as a stepping stone to Libya and Europe. phonetics. 1959-11-07: Aumale and Bougie departments abolished and restored to their original departments, except that The law does not place significant restrictions on voter registration, but implementation of voter registration and identification laws proved inconsistent and confusing during past elections. The lower fertility rate was mainly the result of women's rising age at first marriage (virtually all Algerian children being born in wedlock) and to a lesser extent the wider use of contraceptives. Assembly, but the government recognized four confederations the 32nd-most populous country in the world two... Description of each topic united the civil and human rights legislation billion cubic meters ( 2017 est Telagh! 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