For example, many noted that Heimaland was a poor choice as they believe it is vulnerable to jkulhlaup emanating from Eyjafjallajkull because it is so low in the landscape and it is built in the old river bed of Markarfljt (V-E). And it was on a Saturday night and we had a phone call from our youngest son he called and said hey, theres an eruption. Hence, respondents know the person as a neighbour or as a rescue team member rather than a sweeper. Find out why The name is a description of the characteristics of the volcano, namely Eyja meaning island; fjalla meaning mountain; and jokull meaning glacier The tectonic setting for the Volcanic hazard Eyjafjallajkull is a 500m long fissure volcano , that erupts basalt. Population data by age and gender is available from 1998. Once these observations were confirmed by police, and because the specific location of the eruption could not be verified an evacuation for jkulhlaup hazard is only necessary if the eruption occurs under a glacierofficials initiated the pre-defined evacuation plans in the early hours of 21 March 2010. It is just nearby the exhibition building and it is is an easy trek. Due to the small population size, a census style sampling method was undertaken. 26 Apr 2010 Originally published 26 Apr 2010. The research also highlights the importance of local residents knowing and sharing their stories and experiences with their neighbours. volcano, vent in the crust of Earth or another planet or satellite, from which issue eruptions of molten rock, hot rock fragments, and hot gases. As a result, 2016 recorded the highest number of people employed in tourism. High tech equipment is now used to measure volcanic activity Warning systems A text message system, where it warns people within 30 mins of the volcano if there will be an eruption. Using the Citizen Science methodology, Earthwatch's mission statement is "to engage people worldwide in . Most respondents were aged 50+ years and were farmers (Table 1). Immediate responses Long term responses Manila airport closed 200000 people relocated Red Cross, Action Aid and Oxfam provided food and blankets . The experience that is the focus of this paper is the response to the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. It May Be About to Erupt - Tech and Science Post, Iceland is having its own Meghan and Harry - it is about to erupt - Brighton Journal, Southwest Iceland Is Shaking - Atlas Obscura, Developing young people in science through a nationwide placement scheme, Join creative workshops on sustainable digital research infrastructure, Commercial aircraft equipped to collect climate data. At-risk populations are not only vulnerable due to a range of economic, demographic and political elements often beyond their control (Wisner et al., 2004), but also in relation to the various factors that affect their decision-making. Founded as Educational Expeditions International in 1971 by Bob Citron and Clarence Truesdale, Earthwatch supports hundreds of Ph.D. researchers across dozens of countries, conducting over 100,000 hours of research annually. One long-term effect of volcanic ash is silicosis. However, the 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano had particularly damaging impacts to the economy and worldwide aviation. On the evening of 22nd May 2021, Africa's most active volcano and one of the most dangerous in the world erupted. With the rapidly increasing number of tourists in the region, the police/DCPEM may need to consider further non-compliance, particularly among tour operators and tourist accommodation managers/staff due to their duty of care to their patrons. Iceland volcano: Naval ships sent to rescue stranded Britons Aircraft carrier and assault ships deployed to boost cross-Channel options for travellers hit by ash cloud flight ban The naval ships. This paper draws on these learnings to consider future response to an evacuation order with respect to a regions recent experience of responding to evacuation orders. This optimism was frequently linked to their experience of Eyjafjallajkull. We never went, we behaved as we always planned to do, we just stayed at home and everything was ok (V-E). The reasons for not evacuating were due to caring for others or thinking the warnings were not applicable. Each quote is coded as one of the following: V-E for Vestur-Eyjafjll resident, A-E for Austur-Eyjafjll resident, S for Slheimar resident, for lftaver resident, RT for rescue team member and O for official. For the first couple of weeks, lava oozed from a fissure on its ice-free flank, and . This lack of detail can be attributed to people sheltering in unofficial places (either by choice or official instruction to do so) and as reported by a few respondents, registration was not well organised in some instances. The computer showed it was all very quiet (O). Google Scholar, Crutchfield M (2013) Phases of disaster recovery: emergency response for the long term. While we are not able to show statistically significant differences between the datasets due to the small size and slightly different nature of the 2008 dataset (e.g., it does not include respondents from Vestur-Eyjafjll and Austur-Eyjafjll), we can present some interesting observations. Nevertheless, officials were pleased with public response. (). Tierney KJ, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2001) Facing the unexpected: disaster preparedness and response in the United States. This volcano eruption took place in Iceland. Risk Anal 32:616632, Mileti D, Nathe S, Gori P, Greene M, Lemersal E (2004) Public hazards communication and education: the state of the art. Part of the Advances in Volcanology book series (VOLCAN) Abstract Eyjafjallajkull became Iceland's most infamous volcano in 2010 when the ash cloud from its summit eruption caused unprecedented disruption to the international aviation industry and considerable challenges to local farming communities and villages. The Restless Earth Case Studies. 23.11.2017Version 1.0. http://www.almannavarnir.is/utgefid-efni/?wpdmc=articles-in-english. More specifically: Households in Vestur-Eyjafjll were required to evacuate due to jkulhlaup hazard during the flank and summit eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. Its use post-surveying here was a result of unavailability of the software to our research team pre-surveying. Others chose to stay home because they did not believe the warnings and/or evacuation plan were relevant to them. Solid red vertical line indicates timing of Icelands financial crash in 2008. Accessed 8 Nov 2016, Statistics Iceland (2017a) Population by municipality, age and sex 1998-2017 - Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc. As volcanic ash fallout is predicted to reach ground level following the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland, scientists from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology have responded rapidly to increase sampling rates of air quality, soils and vegetation at its long-term monitoring sites across the UK. But an eruption does not worry us. I started to explain to them what happened, why we evacuated in such a hurryI waited to see the response and get the anger but it was quite the opposite. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano caused so much trouble to air traffic with its ash plume because of the jagged particles of ash that formed when magma came into contact wi J Volcanol Geotherm Res 189:3348, Article Included in this section is 2008 data derived from Bird et al., (2011) from the communities of Slheimar and lftaver. Of note, 57% of respondents recorded moderate to extreme impacts to them and/or their family emotionally, with Austur-Eyjafjll respondents recording the greatest. They can reduce sunlight by blocking out the sun and even cause problems for air travel like the recent Iceland volcano. Authorities now have the ability to push emergency notifications out to all mobile phones within a designated area of telecommunication towers (pers. Its all going very well in a way but its a huge change because the tourists have multiplied - there are a lot more tourists here than there used to be three years ago. Additional aspects, however, were included to examine experiences related to the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Report to ICAO-June 2012. The family took the situation as it was, slightly worried about the continuation; not knowing what to expect was the worst. The different coloured blue areas denote the four districts. Follow-up interviews were conducted in 2016 with the Chief of Police, the Chief Superintendent, the head of Rangring eystra and two local residents who operated both farming and tourism businesses. That is, local police/DCPEM worked with local residents to ensure safety from an imminent threat, as well as protecting livelihood interests. While authorities were pleased with public response to evacuation orders in 2010, some residents did not evacuate. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Long-term responses . Short Term. In addition to these systems, recent unrest in rfajkull has called for the development of further emergency response plans in South Iceland (Almannavarnadeild Rkislgreglustjrinn, 2017, Hskuldsson, 2015). This evacuation could be listed as disorganised (A-E). The outbreak began along a fissure that split the long axis of the summit caldera, an oval, cliff-bounded basin approximately 3 to 5 km . With respect to the future, respondents were asked about how they viewed preparedness for a Katla eruption. While the sample size may seem small, it is a reflection of this sparsely populated rural area (as evidenced by the number of inhabitants given in Fig. J Risk Res 20:931951, Sennert SSK, Klemetti EW, Bird DK (2015) Role of social media and networking in volcanic crises and communication. They didnt know where it was erupting and therefore it was necessary (A-E). Volcanoes attract millions of visitors around the world every year. I said [at the pre-eruption meetings] that you have some safe areas but they are also isolated. These include individual-level indicators and event-orientated variables (Dash and Gladwin, 2007) such as their perception of the ensuing event, the perceived safety of their home relative to the threat, timing of evacuation (e.g., are the roads already congested with traffic, are all household members accounted for) and past experiences (Drabek, 1986, Gladwin et al., 2001, Mileti and Peek, 2000, Paton et al., 2001, Sorensen and Sorensen, 2007, Tierney et al., 2001). Rep. 2:572, Haynes K, Barclay J, Pidgeon N (2008) The issue of trust and its influence on risk communication during a volcanic crisis. An exclusion zone was set up in the volcanic region. Overall, respondents ranked impacts on their home as the greatest followed by impacts to them and / or their family emotionally and financially (Table 2). I would like to see more emphasis on this, like volcanic activity, geothermal, everything geography in Iceland because were having the tourists now [But] we have our children who are not finding out about those things. Please note, the questionnaire did not specifically ask respondents whether or not they received information from a sweeper. Average sentiment (where 1=not at all and 5=completely) in regards to respondents perception of the levels of preparedness for a Katla eruption (n2008=19, n2010=5456). Balancing this loss was growth in all other categories (except 4559 year old males) between 2000 and 2016, with the greatest among females 6074 years (growth of 1.43), males 75+ years (growth of 1.31) and females (growth of 1.23) and males 1829 years (growth of 1.19). Temperatures dropped by 0.5C. The disruptions started over an initial period of six days in April 2010. By undertaking research within this time period, we were able to capture more detailed and accurate narratives of actions and perspectives of the decision-making process, given that intricate details of which fade with time. Within these local communities (geographic location), people are bound together by relations of affect, loyalty and common values and as such, they have a certain familiarity with each other (Brint, 2001). In: Felton A, Reinhart CM (eds) The First Global Financial Crisis of the 21st Century: Part ll June-December 2008. Volcanoes can also have long-term effects on the climate, making the world cooler. It can be about Arop | World News, today's news, latest news, South-west Iceland is shaking and may be about to erupt - WeJan, South-west Iceland is shaking and may be about to erupt | My Adivasi, South-West Iceland's Been Hit by 17,000 Earthquakes This Week. This is because the sweepers, who are residents of the immediate neighbourhood, are only active during a volcanic eruption. 4). There is no doubt that many tourists want to see an eruption, as was the case with Hawaiis Kilauea eruption in 2018 (Walker, 2018), and may try to persuade their guides to deliver. Austur-Eyjafjll respondents also recorded the greatest impacts with respect to their home, while Slheimar respondents recorded the greatest impacts to them and/or their familys health and financially. All interviewees and respondents are graciously thanked for their willingness to participate in this study. Despite these issues, the majority of respondents believed both evacuations were necessary. These figures are approximate based on some respondents noting a range in the number of people living at that address in the questionnaire. Int J Manag Decis Mak 10:164175, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009b) Resident perception of volcanic hazards and evacuation procedures. Ash advisories derived from dispersion-model output were issued by the London VAAC, depicting the presence of ash over large parts of Europe and the North Atlantic. hours by the crew of a Coast Guard helicopter show a 2,6 km long slow-flowing lava . Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Strahan K, Whittaker J, Handmer J (2018) Self-evacuation archetypes in Australian bushfire. All respondents were impacted by ash fall, just over a quarter (26%) were impacted by lahars and 20% were impacted by jkulhlaup. Yeah! [stated in a very blas tone] (A-E). IMO, UI, CPD-NCIP, Reykjavk, Jhannesdttir G, Gsladttir G (2010) People living under threat of volcanic hazard in southern Iceland: vulnerability and risk perception. Consisting of local residents as volunteers, some of whom form part of the local rescue team, their role is to sweep their neighbourhood by going from house to house to ensure everyone has received the warnings and have, or are in the process of evacuating to their designated centre (Bird et al., 2009b). Aggregated migration data is presented for South Iceland from 19862016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). Tourism related work mostly (85%) involved accommodation. Migration into the South region (Statistics Iceland, 2017b). I would like to know the national and international responses to the Icelandic Volcano eruption earlier this year. It brought us much closer and then I knew also the trust that the people have in us. Additional localised disruption continued into May 2010, and eruptive activity persisted until June 2010. They called me and said a farmer reported a fire in the glacier, I didnt quite believe it Veurstofa [the Icelandic Meteorological Office] didnt see anything. This may be particularly apparent if their patrons are out sightseeing and are therefore unaccountable, which is just as likely during the night (e.g., on a Northern Lights tour) as it is during the day. The central volcanoes along the off-rift volcanic zones in Iceland were the source of at least 19 eruptions of dominant alkali rhyolitic composition, with three distinct episodes recorded at 4.6 . Ann Glaciol 45:6672, Gudmundsson MT, Thordarson T, Hskuldsson , Larsen G, Bjrnsson H, Prata FJ, Oddsson B, Magnsson E, Hgnadttir T, Petersen GN, Hayward CL, Stevenson JA, Jnsdttir I (2012) Ash generation and distribution from the April-May 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland. The data presented here clearly shows that the success of the 2010 evacuations, which were a risk mitigation intervention, is no differentfrom the integrated approach employed during the 2005 hazard assessment (Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005), the 2006 evacuation exercise (Bird et al., 2009b), the 2010 meetings and throughout the 2010 response (Bird et al., 2018), to the South regions communities where neighbours interact relatively frequently due to their beliefs, values and activities. So when it started we were more like What? Based on questionnaire survey results, interviews with key stakeholders and data derived from Statistics Iceland, this paper considers how residents might respond to a future eruption by examining their experience of the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions against the changing demographic, economic and political landscape. The impacts of the eruption were significant on my farm and at my neighbouring farms. Iceland, as the land of fire and ice, is of no exception. The questionnaire included 92 open and closed response questions compiled into the following 10 sections, which also formed the basis of the semi-structured interviews. As soon as we knew when the flood had come we told the people that we would let them go home and feed their animals. But I would not be afraid. A further 21% received news from family, friends or neighbours and 36% heard about it on the radio. Possible causes of climate change: natural factors - orbital changes, volcanic activity and solar output. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Brint S (2001) Gemeinschaft revisited: a critique and reconstruction of the community concept. Yet, while eruptions are spectacular to watch, they can cause disastrous loss of life and property, especially in densely populated regions of the world. Accessed 1 Dec 2017, Statistics Iceland (2017b) Internal migration between regions by sex and age 1986-2016-Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflinnanlands__buferlaflinnanlands/MAN01002.px. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano had a huge impact on air travel, changing the assessment of risk by the aviation sector and catalyzing new lines of scientific investigation. Its more like Hekla erupting. Our primary school here in the area, they dont do anything special about this area. They could hardly do it differently. I found it necessary to ascend the 200-meter hight Mt. In its path, the lava decimated houses, schools and the city's main water reservoir. Due to the flank eruption, residents awareness was heightened when the summit eruption began in the early hours of 14 April 2010, with many reporting they were closely monitoring earthquake activity on the Icelandic Meteorological Offices website. So they were surprised when it turned out to be like a medium Katla. Ensuring the sustainability of local rescue teams and the sweeper system is critical, as their roles during future events may become even more important with respect to reaching new residents and tourists that are not connected to kin, friend and community networks. Icelandic Meteorological Office; Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland; The National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police, Reykjavik. (background, Case study of the Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland in 2010. Total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors (Statistics Iceland, 2017c). Some questions regarding Katla were retained because the Katla hazard zones cover the same communities impacted by the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. While the nature of the 2016 project prevented a more broad survey, as that conducted in 2010, it provided an excellent opportunity to exchange and discuss valuable information with authorities in regards to developments in volcanic emergency response strategies on the back of learnings from the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and our survey data. This paper explores the challenges this diversity brings with respect to generating a proactive public response to future evacuation orders. long term responses. Cham, Brint s ( 2001 ) Facing the unexpected: disaster preparedness and in! 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